CATECHIN SANGAT POTENSI, TETAPI DI INDONESIA BELUM DIKENAL LUAS. PROMOSI LUAR BIASA JEPANG DAN CHINA POTENSI GREEN TEA YANG MENGANDUNG KATEKIN , KHUSUSNYA EGCG MERUPAKAN TANTANGAN. PENDEKATAN YANG DILAKUKAN DENGAN  MEMPERKENALKAN KRITERIA PEMBEDA NILAI ANTI OKSIDAN IC 50 ,  PRODUK TURUNANNYA DAN UJI COBA LANGSUNG KE PENGGUNA MERUPAKAN USAHA KECIL YANG DIDORONG OLEH KOMUNITAS YANG BANGGA ATAS PRODUK SAHABAT DAN BANGSANYA.

Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb . ANTIOKSIDAN MENINGKATKAN DAYA TAHAN TUBUH? CERMATI  NILAI IC50NYA.

As antioxidative agents, catechins possess both “direct antioxidant effects” and “indirect antioxidant effects”. The catechins can scavenge free radicals and chelate redox-active metals, making them direct antioxidants. At the same time, as indirect antioxidants, catechins regulate protein synthesis activities and signaling strategies, such as mediating the property of prooxidant enzymes. Both capacities are dependent on concentrations, respectively, in high or low dose, in which the high dose can demonstrate more adequate antioxidant capacity in the digestive tract [10,44,62].

Taniguchi et al (2008) had conducted a study on the types of catechins present in Gambir, they had found 9 types of catechins in gambir namely “(+) – catechin, (-) – epicatechin Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Catechin-(4α-8)-ent-epicatechin, Gambirflavan D1 and Gambirflavan D2 ” (Taniguchi et al, 2008). The main content of gambir catechins is (+)- catechin (Taniguchi et al, 2008) while the main content of green tea catechins is epigallocatechin3- Gallate (Luo et al, 2017), as shown in figure 3. (+)- Catechin Epigallocatechin3-Gallate Figure 3:

The Main Content Of Gambir Catechins Is (+) – Catechin And The Main Content Of Green Tea Catechins Is Epigallocatechin3-Gallate The antioxidant capacities of flavonoids are much stronger than those of of vitamins C and E. (Procházková et al 2000), when associated with the results of research of Amos (2010), total catechin content of the extract Gambir with range 40-80%, Hilal and Engelhardt (2007) had obatained catechins of green tea in market with range 8.5 – 20.6 %, for black tea with range 0.74 – 10%.

The major flavonoids of green tea are catechins, which include (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (−)-(EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (+)-catechin (C), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (+)-catechin gallate (CG), and (+)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) [5-6]. EGCG is the most abundant green tea catechin (GTC), and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the biological activities of green tea [7]. Green tea contains 21 mg·L−1 of C, 98 mg·L−1 of EC, 90 mg·L−1 ECG, 411 mg·L−1 EGC, and 444 mg·L−1 EGCG [8]. Green tea consumption is associated with a variety of physiological functions, which may be primarily responsible for possible beneficial effects. The versatility of catechins and their active metabolites for potential therapeutic interventions is due to the diverse actions being performed at different sites.

The parameter EC50 (“efficient concentration” value) One parameter that has been introduced recently for the interpretation of the results from the DPPH method, is the “efficient concentration” or EC50 value (otherwise called the IC50 value). This is defined as the concentration of substrate that causes 50% loss of the DPPH activity .

Antioksidan memiliki peranan penting bagi kesehatan. Khususnya mempertahan tubuh dari dari kerusakan sel yang di sebabkan oleh radikal bebas. Dimanakah diperoleh ?

Catechin adalah senyawa adalah senyawa metabolit sekunder yang secara alami dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan dan termasuk golongan flavonoid.

Bagaimana mengenalinya? Efektivitas suatu sampel untuk menangkal radikal bebas dari metode DPPH dinamai dengan IC50. Pengertian dari IC50 adalah konsentrasi yang dapat meredam 50% radikal bebas DPPH. Semakin kecil nilai IC50 maka semakin besar aktivitas antioksidannya

MENGAPA MAHAL?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is linked to a more than doubling in the risk of developing dementia, finds research published online in the journal Gut

https://medicaldialogues.in/neurology-neurosurgery/news/inflammatory-bowel-disease-linked-to-doubling-in-dementia-risk-67009

Catechins and Their Therapeutic Benefits to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Fei-Yan Fan,¹ Li-Xuan Sang,^2,* and Min Jiang^1,*

Antifibrotic properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in endometriosis

Antifibrotic properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in endometriosis Sachiko Matsuzaki1,2,3,* and Claude Darcha4 1 CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Chirurgie Gyne´cologique, 1, Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France 2 Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne, ISIT UMR6284, Clermont-Ferrand, France 3 CNRS, ISIT UMR6284, Clermont-Ferrand, France 4 CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France *Correspondence address. CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Estaing, Chirurgie Gyne´cologique, 1, Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France. Tel: +33-4-73-75-01-38; E-mail: sachikoma@aol.com\

A Catechin‐rich Beverage Improves Obesity and Blood Glucose Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Tomonori Nagao , Shinichi Meguro, Tadashi Hase, Kazuhiro Otsuka, Masanori Komikado,  

Ichiro Tokimitsu, Takashi Yamamoto, Kunio Yamamoto

Catechins as Potential Mediators of Cardiovascular Health

Daniel R. Mangels,  and Emile R. MohlerIII, Originally published23 Mar 2017https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309048Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2017;37:757–763

SPESIFIKASI:

PARAMETER	UNIT	TEST RESULTS	METHOD
Apperance
Form		Powder	SNI 01-3391-2000
color		Light yellow
odor		Normal
MOISTURE CONTENT	%	5.45
CATECHIN CONTENT	%	91.26
PASSSING THROUGH MESH 12	%	100
LEAD (Pb)	mg/kg	Below 0.0134	SNI 19-2896-1998
Arsenic (As)	mg/kg	Below 0.001	SNI 01-4866-1998
Microbiology
Aerobic plate count	Colony/g	7.0 x 10	SNI ISO 4833-1:2015
E coli	MPN/g	Below 3.0**	SNI ISO 7251: 2012
Yeast and Mold	Colony/g	3.3 x102	SNI ISO 21527: 2012
Salmonellla	Colony/25 g	Negative	SNI ISO 6579- 2015
Staphylococcus aereus	Colony/g	Below 10*	SNI ISO 6888-1: 2012
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Colony/ g	Below 10*	Pour plate

An Overview on Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Catechins

Authors: Shaterzadeh-Yazdi, Hanieh; Farkhondeh, Tahereh; Samarghandian, Saeed

Source: Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders – Drug Targets(Formerly Current Drug Targets – Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders), Volume 17, Number 3, 2017, pp. 154-160(7)

Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871529X17666170921115735

Background: The impact of diet strategies to manage cardiovascular disease has been focused in recent years. The food ingredients, such as flavonoids, are known as cardioprotective agents; however, it is not fully understood how these compounds are effective against cardiovascular problems. Catechins are polyphenolic compounds exhibiting several biological activities in the human body, potentially in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The present study indicates that catechins may be effective against cardiovascular problems through modulating blood lipid metabolism, protecting vascular endothelial, and decreasing blood pressure.

Conclusion: The current review has evaluated various studies on the role of catechins in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders by focusing on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Review Catechins and Their Therapeutic Benefits to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

 Fei-Yan Fan ¹ , Li-Xuan Sang ²,* and Min Jiang ¹,*

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China; feiyanfan7212@163.com

² Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China * Correspondence: sanglixuan2008@163.com (L.-X.S.); fendou1957@163.com (M.J.); Tel.: +86-24-8328-3720 (L.-X.S.); Fax: +86-24-8328-2563 (M.J.) Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 6 January 2017; Accepted: 28 February 2017; Published: 19 March 2017

Abstract: Catechins are natural polyphenolic phytochemicals that exist in food and medicinal plants, such as tea, legume and rubiaceae. An increasing number of studies have associated the intake of catechins-rich foods with the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some studies have demonstrated that catechins could significantly inhibit the excessive oxidative stress through direct or indirect antioxidant effects and promote the activation of the antioxidative substances such as glutathione peroxidases (GPO) and glutathione (GSH), reducing the oxidative damages to the colon. In addition, catechins can also regulate the infiltration and proliferation of immune related-cells, such as neutrophils, colonic epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, helping reduce the inflammatory relations and provide benefits to IBD. Perhaps catechins can further inhibit the deterioration of intestinal lesions through regulating the cell gap junctions. Furthermore, catechins can exert their significant anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the activation or deactivation of inflammation-related oxidative stress-related cell signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), signal transducer and the activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) pathways. Finally, catechins can also stabilize the structure of the gastrointestinal micro-ecological environment via promoting the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria and regulating the balance of intestinal flora, so as to relieve the IBD. Furthermore, catechins may regulate the tight junctions (TJ) in the epithelium. This paper elaborates the currently known possible molecular mechanisms of catechins in favor of IBD.

Keywords: catechins; inflammatory bowel disease; oxidative stress; mechanisms; tight junction functionality

,T

In Vitr o and In Vivo Activities of Tea Catechins against Helicobacter pylori

Katsuhiro Mabe,^1,* Masami Yamada,² Itaro Oguni,³ and Tsuneo Takahashi¹

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

ABSTRACT

The catechin epigallocatechin gallate showed the strongest activity of the six tea catechins tested against Helicobacter pylori (MIC for 50% of the strains tested, 8 μg/ml). It had bactericidal activity at pH 7 but not at pH ≤5.0. In infected Mongolian gerbils, H. pylori was eradicated in 10 to 36% of the catechin-treated animals, with significant decreases in mucosal hemorrhage and erosion. Tea catechins, therefore, may have therapeutic effects on H. pylori infection.

The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric cancer has been widely investigated (13, 22, 25). H. pylori is sensitive to various antibiotics in vitro (5, 11). However, clinical trials with such an antibacterial agent alone have mostly failed to eradicate H. pylori (3, 17). Although the new triple therapy consisting of the combined use of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor suppressing acid secretion shows a high eradication rate and a low incidence of harmful side effects (2, 19), some problems remain. In recent years, for instance, an increased occurrence of metronidazole- and/or clarithromycin-resistant strains of H. pylori has become a problem (12, 15, 18). This problem might be amplified in Asia and Africa, where many people are infected with H. pylori (1, 6, 16). Even if the widespread use of antibiotics were feasible economically and logistically in these countries, it would most certainly lead to increased resistance of not only H. pylori but also other pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, a nonantibiotic agent which is both highly effective and safe might be of utmost importance for the eradication of both antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant strains of H. pylori. Recent studies have presented data that show a variety of biological activities of tea catechins, compounds which constitute about 15% (dry weight) of green tea (7). It has been reported that tea catechins have antibacterial activity against various foodborne pathogenic bacteria (8). Thus, it seems reasonable to explore the possibility of using tea catechins, harmless compounds extracted from green tea, for eradication of H. pylori. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of catechins against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo and the in vivo effect of these compounds on the gastric mucosal injury induced by this organism in Mongolian gerbils.

Review Catechins and Their Therapeutic Benefits to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

 Fei-Yan Fan ¹ , Li-Xuan Sang ²,* and Min Jiang ¹,*

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China; feiyanfan7212@163.com

² Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China * Correspondence: sanglixuan2008@163.com (L.-X.S.); fendou1957@163.com (M.J.); Tel.: +86-24-8328-3720 (L.-X.S.); Fax: +86-24-8328-2563 (M.J.) Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 6 January 2017; Accepted: 28 February 2017; Published: 19 March 2017

Abstract: Catechins are natural polyphenolic phytochemicals that exist in food and medicinal plants, such as tea, legume and rubiaceae. An increasing number of studies have associated the intake of catechins-rich foods with the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some studies have demonstrated that catechins could significantly inhibit the excessive oxidative stress through direct or indirect antioxidant effects and promote the activation of the antioxidative substances such as glutathione peroxidases (GPO) and glutathione (GSH), reducing the oxidative damages to the colon. In addition, catechins can also regulate the infiltration and proliferation of immune related-cells, such as neutrophils, colonic epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, helping reduce the inflammatory relations and provide benefits to IBD. Perhaps catechins can further inhibit the deterioration of intestinal lesions through regulating the cell gap junctions. Furthermore, catechins can exert their significant anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the activation or deactivation of inflammation-related oxidative stress-related cell signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), signal transducer and the activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) pathways. Finally, catechins can also stabilize the structure of the gastrointestinal micro-ecological environment via promoting the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria and regulating the balance of intestinal flora, so as to relieve the IBD. Furthermore, catechins may regulate the tight junctions (TJ) in the epithelium. This paper elaborates the currently known possible molecular mechanisms of catechins in favor of IBD.

Keywords: catechins; inflammatory bowel disease; oxidative stress; mechanisms; tight junction functionality

Natural therapies assessment for the treatment of endometriosis

A.G. Ricci¹,*, C.N. Olivares1, M.A. Bilotas1, J.I. Basto´n1, J.J. Singla2, G.F. Meresman1, and R.I. Baran˜ao1

¹ Instituto de Biologı´a y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

 ² Hospital de Clı´nicas Jose´ de San Martı´n, C1120AAR Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina *Correspondence address: Tel: +54-11-4783-2869; Fax: +54-11-47862564; E-mail: agricci@ibyme.conicet.gov.ar Submitted on April 26, 2012; resubmitted on September 9, 2012; accepted on September 14, 2012

Study question: Can resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit the growth and survival of endometriotic-like lesions in vivo in a BALB/c model of endometriosis, and in vitro in primary cultures of human endometrial epithelial cells (EECs)?

Summary answer: Resveratrol and EGCG exerted a potent inhibitory effect on the development of endometriosis in a BALB/c murine model and on the survival of EECs. What is known already: Endometriosis is a common condition associated with infertility and pelvic pain in women of reproductive age. Resveratrol and EGCG are two polyphenols with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties that have been proposed as natural therapies to treat endometriosis.

Study design, size, duration: Fifty-six 2-month-old female BALB/c mice underwent surgical induction of endometriosis. Treatments with resveratrol or EGCG started 15 days post-surgery and continued for 4 weeks. Human biopsies were taken with a metal Novak curette from the posterior uterine wall from 16 patients with untreated endometriosis and 15 controls who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for infertility. materials, setting,

Methods: After the treatments, animals were sacrificed and lesions were counted, measured, excised and fixed. Immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and CD34 was performed for cell proliferation and vascularization assessment in the lesions. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique was performed for apoptosis evaluation. Peritoneal fluid was collected to analyze vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Human EECs were purified from proliferative-phase endometrial biopsies and cultured. The effect of both polyphenols on cell proliferation was determined by a colorimetric assay using the CellTiter 96wAQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit and on apoptosis by the TUNEL technique, using an In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit with Fluorescein. main results: In the mouse model, both treatments significantly reduced the mean number (P , 0.05 versus control) and the volume of established lesions (P , 0.05 versus control). Treatments consistently statistically significantly diminished cell proliferation (resveratrol P , 0.01 and EGCG P , 0.05, versus control), reduced vascular density (resveratrol P , 0.01 and EGCG P , 0.001, versus control) and increased apoptosis within the lesions (resveratrol P , 0.01 and EGCG P , 0.05, versus control). Both compounds induced reduction in human EEC proliferation (P , 0.05 versus basal) and increased apoptosis (P , 0.05 versus basal) in primary cultures. limitations: In vitro studies were only carried out in epithelial cells from human eutopic endometrium. wider implications of the findings: The present findings are promising and will assist the development of novel natural treatments for endometriosis.

Study funding: This study was supported by ANPCYT (PICT 6384 BID 1201 OC-AR) and CONICET (PIP 5471), Argentina. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare.

Key words: endometriosis / resveratrol / EGCG / human eutopic endometrium / BALB/c mice

The effects of catechins on related risk factors with Type 2 diabetes: a review

Meysam Alipour¹ , Reza Malihi² , Seyed Ahmad Hosseini³ , Amir Abbasnezhad⁴ , Abed Ghavami⁵ , Hedayat Allah Shahmohammadi⁶ , Matin Ghanavati⁷

¹ Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran – E-mail: Meysam.aalipour@yahoo.com;

² Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran;

³ Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;

⁴ Nutritional Health Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran;

⁵ Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, School of nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;

⁶ Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;

⁷ Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Summary. Insulin resistance in patients with diabetes mellitus causes complications such as cardiovascular and renal diseases. Studies have shown that catechins can be effective in controlling hyperglycemia and preventing the complications of diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus such as oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity. The aim of the present study is a review of the studies conducted in the field of the effect of catechins on the improvement of the risk factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This review study was conducted by searching in the databases of Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed and using the keywords, such as catechins, green tea, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. In this study, articles published between the years 2000-2016, were used. The results of the review of the studies showed that the catechins and food containing them can improve hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Key words: catechin, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, dyslipidemia, obesity, oxidative stress

Type 2 diabetes

Description

A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose).

With type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin, or it resists insulin.

Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue and blurred vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms.

Treatments include diet, exercise, medication and insulin therapy.